It helped to crystallise and put into right perspective the findings of the hawthorne experiments. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Theories x, y and various versions of z have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style.
Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Theory x and theory y is a concept that divides people into two groups based on their assumptions about others. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Difference between theory x and theory y of motivation and. Though no generalizations can be made, still, it appears that theoryx is more related to the unskilled workers and uneducated lower class. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theory x and theory y theory x and theory y proposed by mcgregor suggesting two aspects of human behaviors one of which is negative called theory x and another is positive called theory y to view employee motivation. Theory y management style is suited to knowledge work and professional services. Douglas mcgregor proposed two models of trust that formed the basis of two different managerial approaches, one based on a positive view of subordinates and one based on a negative view. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people.
The negative view he called theory x and the positive view he called theory y. His theory is based on managerial views of human beings. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are.
Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address. In this section youll learn more about three different managerial styles and their impact on employee motivation. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Theory z is a name for various theories of human motivation built on douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education.
Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. Theory x and theory y are descriptions of two extreme managerial styles. Pdf comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people, for the economic benefit of the firm. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives.
As you read, see if the descriptions fit anyone you have worked for. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Andrea, maksim and laura limitations of theory x and theory y cannot straight away determine everyone is either x or y some individuals might have a mix of theory x and y more than two ways to view on working people in. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. It has generated wide ranging and lasting interest in the field of motivation. Doktorarbeit uber theorie x and theorie ypdf 1,27 mb.
Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, however it has its place in large scale production procedure and unskilled productionline work. Theory x, theory y by douglas mcgregor is a motivation theory. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. Theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavior.
Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Theory y principles to encourage knowledge sharing and continuous improvement. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y the work of douglas mcgregor, the renowned social psychologist at mits sloan school of management who studied the theoretical foundations of human motivation in the 1960s, was premised on a binary conception of managerial.
Organizational communication channel 123,709 views. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. The concept of theory x and theory y was first proposed by douglas mcgregor in his book human side of enterprise as a alternative sets assumptions about behavior and nature of people at work. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory a for managing people and performance article pdf available june 2016 with 8,355 reads how we measure reads. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior.
Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Theory x holds that humans generally dislike work, are irresponsible and require close supervision to do their jobs. Theory x individuals believe people are untrustworthy, generally try to avoid work. Beyond this point, the two theories of management diverge.
Theory x says that employees are unambitious, whereas the employees are highly ambitious says theory y. Many years ago a professor named douglas mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Introduced by douglas mcgregor, theory x and theory y talk about the diverging views that exist about how organizations function. These theories explain two models of motivation applied by the managers in organizational. These are the theories of human motivation and management. Every human being possesses the qualities of both theoryx and theoryy. Becaus o thiefs dislik of worke, most people mus b coercedte, controlled, directed, o threatener witdh punishment to ge thet m to pu fortt h adequate effort toward achieving organizational objectives. Theory x and theory y definition theory x and theory y, developed by mit management professor douglas murray mcgregor, are theories of human motivation that provide a framework for how managers use behaviours and tools in the workplace to encourage productivity. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s.
Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self centred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work. Mcgregor suggested that employees are split into these two types. Leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. As per theory x, it has been inferred that people do not like taking responsibilities and avoids it to the extent possible. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. Introduction theory x and y was developed by douglas mcgregor, a social psychologist in 1960. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and will avoid doing anything they dont have to do. Both theories are concerned with how best to motivate employees through providing the most.
No person on this earth can belong to these extreme behaviors. That history will explain why theory ys view of human nature is incomplete. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory x stresses the importance of strict supervision, external rewards, and penalties, while in contrast, theory y highlights the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach tasks without direct supervision. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. The two theories are sets of propositions and beliefs about human nature. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals. Many of the principles of theory y are widely accepted by different types of organization that. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Theoryx and theoryy represent two exact opposites of extremes. Otokiti 2000 mcgregors theory x and y remains central to organisational development and to improving organisational culture. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960.
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